Investigation by investigative journalism outlet IStories (EN version by OCCRP) shows that Telegram uses a single, FSB-linked company as their infrastructure provider globally.
Telegram’s MTProto protocol also requires a cleartext identifier to be prepended to all client-server messages.
Combined, these two choices by Telegram make it into a surveillance tool.
I am quoted in the IStories story. I also did packet captures, and I dive into the nitty-gritty technical details on my blog.
Packet captures and MTProto deobfuscation library I wrote linked therein so that others can retrace my steps and check my work.
So, basically, this cool guy Durov sold an idea of a confidential messenger hosted by a russian FBI. Add there that you can’t lawfully buy a SIM wihtout a local passport, so everyone using it as a lawful citizens have everything they’ve posted right to their registered entity. And that you can link persons even without obvious address book sniffing.